Diseases of Ear, Nose and Throat

DescriptionThe present edition is revised, updated and expanded.New clinical photographs, diagrams, tables and fl owcharts have been added to make the subject clear. A unique feature of this edition is white board lectures and videos, depicting through animations, the surgical procedures.Table of ContentsDedicationPrefaceAcknowledgementsSection I: Diseases of earChapter 1: Anatomy of EarThe External EarThe Middle EarThe Internal EarDevelopment of EarChapter 2: Peripheral Receptors and Physiology of Auditory and Vestibular SystemsAuditory SystemPhysiology of HearingVestibular SystemPhysiology of Vestibular SystemChapter 3: Audiology and AcousticsChapter 4: Assessment of HearingAssessment of HearingChapter 5: Hearing LossClassificationConductive Hearing Loss and its ManagementSensorineural Hearing Loss and its ManagementSpecific Forms of Hearing LossNonorganic Hearing Loss (NOHL)Social and Legal Aspects of Hearing LossChapter 6: Assessment of Vestibular FunctionsI. Clinical tests of vestibular functionII. Laboratory Tests of Vestibular FunctionChapter 7: Disorders of Vestibular SystemI. Peripheral Vestibular DisordersII. Central Vestibular DisordersOther Causes of VertigoChapter 8: Diseases of External EarI. Diseases of the PinnaII. Diseases of External Auditory CanalIII. Diseases of Tympanic MembraneChapter 9: Eustachian Tube and Its DisordersAnatomyStructureFunctionsEustachian Tube Function TestsDisorders of Eustachian TubeRetraction Pockets and Eustachian TubePatulous Eustachian TubeExamination of Eustachian TubeChapter 10: Disorders of Middle EarAcute Suppurative Otitis MediaAcute Necrotizing Otitis MediaOtitis Media With EffusionRecurrent Acute Otitis MediaAero-Otitis Media (Otitic Barotrauma)Chapter 11: Cholesteatoma and Chronic Otitis MediaCholesteatomaChronic Suppurative Otitis MediaTubercular Otitis MediaSyphilitic Otitis MediaChapter 12: Complications of Suppurative Otitis MediaFactors Influencing Development of ComplicationsPathways of Spread of InfectionClassificationSequelae of Otitis MediaI. Intratemporal Complications of Otitis MediaII. Intracranial Complications of Otitis MediaChapter 13: Otosclerosis (Syn. Otospongiosis)Anatomy of LabyrinthOtosclerosisChapter 14: Facial Nerve and Its DisordersAnatomy and Functions of Facial NerveCauses of Facial ParalysisLocalization of Facial LesionComplications Following Facial ParalysisHyperkinetic Disorders of Facial NerveSurgery of Facial NerveChapter 15: Ménière’s DiseasePathologyAetiologyClinical FeaturesExaminationInvestigationsVariants of Ménière’s DiseaseMénière’s Disease vs Ménière’s SyndromeDiagnosis of Ménière’s DiseaseStaging of Ménière’s DiseaseTreatmentChapter 16: Tumours of External EarTumours of AuricleTumours of External Auditory CanalChapter 17: Tumours of Middle Ear and MastoidClassificationGlomus TumourCarcinoma of Middle Ear and MastoidSarcomasSecondary TumoursChapter 18: Acoustic NeuromaIncidencePathologyOrigin and Growth of TumourClassificationClinical FeaturesInvestigations and DiagnosisDifferential DiagnosisTreatmentChapter 19: The Deaf ChildAetiologyEvaluation of a Deaf ChildManagementChapter 20: Rehabilitation of the Hearing ImpairedI. Instrumental DevicesII. TrainingChapter 21: Otalgia (Earache)I. Local CausesII. Referred CausesIII. Psychogenic CausesChapter 22: TinnitusTypes of TinnitusCauses of Tinnitus (Table 22.1)Treatment of TinnitusSection II: Diseases of nose and paranasal sinusesChapter 23: Anatomy of NoseExternal NoseInternal NoseLining Membrane of Internal NoseChapter 24: Physiology of NoseRespirationAir-Conditioning of Inspired AirProtection of Lower AirwayVocal ResonanceNasal ReflexesOlfactionChapter 25: Diseases of External Nose and Nasal VestibuleDiseases of External NoseDiseases of Nasal VestibuleChapter 26: Nasal Septum and Its DiseasesAnatomyFractures of Nasal SeptumDeviated Nasal Septum (DNS)Septal HaematomaSeptal AbscessPerforation of Nasal Septum (Figure 26.9)Chapter 27: Acute and Chronic RhinitisAcute RhinitisChronic RhinitisChapter 28: Granulomatous Diseases of NoseBacterial InfectionsFungal InfectionsGranulomas of Unspecified AetiologyChapter 29: Miscellaneous Disorders of Nasal CavityForeign BodiesRhinolithNasal Myiasis (Maggots in Nose)Nasal SynechiaChoanal AtresiaCSF RhinorrhoeaChapter 30: Allergic RhinitisAetiologyPathogenesisClinical FeaturesDiagnosisInvestigationsComplicationsTreatmentChapter 31: Vasomotor and Other Forms of Nonallergic RhinitisVasomotor Rhinitis (VMR)Other Forms of Nonallergic RhinitisChapter 32: Nasal PolypiAntrochoanal Polyp (Syn. Killian’s Polyp)Bilateral Ethmoidal PolypiSome Important Points to Remember in a Case of Nasal PolypiChapter 33: EpistaxisBlood Supply of Nose (Figures 33.1 and 33.2)Causes of EpistaxisSites of EpistaxisClassification of EpistaxisManagementGeneral Measures in EpistaxisChapter 34: Trauma to the FaceGeneral ManagementSoft Tissue Injuries and Their ManagementBone Injuries and Their ManagementI. Fractures of Upper Third of FaceII. Fractures of Middle Third of FaceIII. Fractures of Lower ThirdOroantral FistulaChapter 35: Anatomy and Physiology of Paranasal SinusesAnatomy of Paranasal SinusesPhysiology of Paranasal SinusesChapter 36: Acute RhinosinusitisDefinitionClassificationAcute Viral RhinosinusitisAcute Bacterial RhinosinusitisAcute Maxillary SinusitisAcute Frontal SinusitisAcute Ethmoid SinusitisAcute Sphenoid SinusitisChapter 37: Chronic RhinosinusitisDefinitionOlder Surgical Techniques for Chronic SinusitisFungal Infections of SinusesFunctional Endoscopic Surgery of Sinuses (Figures 37.4 and 37.5)Chapter 38: Complications of SinusitisI. Local ComplicationsII. Orbital ComplicationsIII. Intracranial ComplicationsIV. Descending InfectionsV. Focal InfectionsChapter 39: Benign and Malignant Neoplasms of Nasal CavityBenign NeoplasmsMalignant NeoplasmsChapter 40: Neoplasms of Paranasal SinusesBenign NeoplasmsMalignant NeoplasmsChapter 41: ProptosisSection III: Diseases of oral cavity and salivary glandsChapter 42: Anatomy of Oral CavityApplied AnatomyLymphatic Drainage of Oral CavityChapter 43: Common Disorders of Oral CavityUlcers of Oral CavityMiscellaneous Lesions of Tongue and Oral CavitySubmucous FibrosisChapter 44: Tumours of Oral CavityClassificationI. Benign TumoursII. Premalignant LesionsIII. Malignant LesionsChemopreventionChapter 45: Non-neoplastic Disorders of Salivary GlandsMumps (Viral Parotitis)Acute Suppurative ParotitisChronic Recurrent SialadenitisSialectasisGranulomatous Infections of the Salivary GlandsSialolithiasis (Salivary Calculi)Sjogren’s Syndrome (Sicca Syndrome)SialometaplasiaSialadenosisChapter 46: Neoplasms of Salivary GlandsBenign TumoursMalignant TumoursSection IV: Diseases of pharynxChapter 47: Anatomy and Physiology of PharynxPharynx in GeneralDivisions of PharynxChapter 48: Adenoids and Other Inflammations of NasopharynxAdenoidsAcute NasopharyngitisChronic NasopharyngitisThornwaldt’s Disease (Pharyngeal Bursitis)Chapter 49: Tumours of NasopharynxBenign TumoursOther Benign Tumours of NasopharynxMalignant TumoursOther Malignant Tumours of NasopharynxChapter 50: Acute and Chronic PharyngitisAcute PharyngitisChronic PharyngitisAtrophic PharyngitisKeratosis PharyngisChapter 51: Acute and Chronic TonsillitisApplied Anatomy of Palatine (Faucial) TonsilsAcute TonsillitisFaucial DiphtheriaChronic TonsillitisDiseases of Lingual TonsilsChapter 52: Head and Neck Space InfectionsParotid AbscessLudwig’s AnginaPeritonsillar Abscess (Quinsy)Retropharyngeal AbscessAcute Retropharyngeal AbscessChronic Retropharyngeal Abscess (Prevertebral Abscess)Parapharyngeal AbscessMasticator SpaceChapter 53: Tumours of OropharynxBenign TumoursMalignant TumoursParapharyngeal TumoursStyalgia (Eagle Syndrome)Chapter 54: Tumours of the Hypopharynx and Pharyngeal PouchTumours of HypopharynxPharyngeal PouchChapter 55: Snoring and Sleep ApnoeaSnoringSleep ApnoeaSection V: Diseases of larynx and tracheaChapter 56: Anatomy and Physiology of LarynxAnatomy of LarynxEmbryological DevelopmentPaediatric larynxPhysiology of LarynxChapter 57: Laryngotracheal TraumaAetiologyPathologyClinical FeaturesDiagnostic EvaluationTreatmentComplicationsChapter 58: Acute and Chronic Inflammations of LarynxAcute LaryngitisAcute Epiglottitis (Syn. Supraglottic Laryngitis)Acute Laryngo-Tracheo-BronchitisLaryngeal DiphtheriaOedema of LarynxChronic LaryngitisPolypoid Degeneration of Vocal Cords (Reinke’s Oedema)Pachydermia LaryngisAtrophic Laryngitis (Laryngitis Sicca)Tuberculosis of LarynxLupus of the LarynxSyphilis of the LarynxLeprosy of the LarynxScleroma of the LarynxLaryngeal MycosisChapter 59: Congenital Lesions of Larynx and StridorCongenital Lesions of LarynxStridorChapter 60: Laryngeal ParalysisNerve Supply of LarynxClassification of Laryngeal ParalysisCauses of Laryngeal ParalysisRecurrent Laryngeal Nerve ParalysisParalysis of Superior Laryngeal NerveCombined (Complete) Paralysis (Recurrent and Superior Laryngeal Nerve Paralysis)Congenital Vocal Cord ParalysisPhonosurgeryChapter 61: Benign Tumours of LarynxNon-Neoplastic TumoursNeoplasticChapter 62: Cancer LarynxEpidemiologyAetiologyTNM Classification and StagingHistopathologyDiagnosis of Laryngeal CancerTreatment of Laryngeal CancerGlottic CarcinomaVocal Rehabilitation After Total LaryngectomyChapter 63: Voice and Speech DisordersHoarsenessDysphonia Plica Ventricularis (Ventricular Dysphonia)Functional Aphonia (Hysterical Aphonia)Puberphonia (Mutational Falsetto Voice)PhonastheniaDysphoniaHyponasality (Rhinolalia Clausa)Hypernasality (Rhinolalia Aperta)StutteringChapter 64: Tracheostomy and Other Procedures for Airway ManagementTracheostomyPercutaneous Dilatational TracheostomyChapter 65: Foreign Bodies of Air PassagesAetiologyNature of Foreign BodiesClinical FeaturesDiagnosisManagementSection VI: Thyroid gland and its disordersChapter 66: Thyroid Gland and Its DisordersSurgical Anatomy of Thyroid GlandPhysiology of ThyroidBenign Disorders of ThyroidMalignant Disorders of ThyroidThyroid Nodule and its ManagementThyroid SurgerySection VII: Diseases of oesophagusChapter 67: Anatomy and Physiology of OesophagusApplied AnatomyApplied PhysiologyPhysiology of SwallowingChapter 68: Disorders of OesophagusAcute OesophagitisPerforation of OesophagusCorrosive Burns of OesophagusBenign Strictures of OesophagusHiatus HerniaPlummer–Vinson (Patterson–Brown–Kelly) SyndromeGlobus (Hystericus) PharyngeusMotility Disorders of OesophagusNeoplasms of OesophagusChapter 69: DysphagiaAetiologyInvestigationsChapter 70: Foreign Bodies of Food PassageAetiologySite of Lodgement of Foreign BodyClinical FeaturesInvestigationsManagementComplications of Oesophageal Foreign BodyDisc BatteriesSection VIII: Recent advancesChapter 71: Laser Surgery, Radiofrequency Surgery, Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy and CoblationI. Laser SurgeryII. Radiofrequency Surgery in ENTIII. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in ENTIV. CoblationChapter 72: CryosurgeryMechanism of Tissue DestructionTechniqueUses of CryotherapyAdvantages of CryotherapyDisadvantages of CryotherapyChapter 73: Radiotherapy in Head and Neck CancersTypes of Radiation BeamsMechanism of Action of RadiotherapyRadiosensitisers and RadioprotectorsIndications of Radiotherapy in Head and Neck CancerRadiotherapy TechniquesTreatment MachinesDose and FractionationConcurrent Chemotherapy in Head and Neck CancerBrachytherapy in Head and Neck CancerUnusual Neoplasms of the Head and Neck (Table 73.1)Side Effects of RadiationCare of Patient During RadiotherapyChapter 74: Chemotherapy for Head and Neck CancerTypes of ChemotherapySingle Agent vs Multidrug Combination TherapyDrugs Used in Cancer TherapyPretreatment Work-Up of the PatientToxicity of Anticancer DrugsChapter 75: HIV Infection/AIDS and ENT ManifestationsAcquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeENT Manifestations of HIV InfectionHIV Infection and Healthcare WorkersAntiretroviral DrugsSection IX: Clinical methods in ent and neck massesChapter 76: Clinical Methods in ENTEquipment, History Taking and General SetupI. Examination of EarII. Examination of Nose and Paranasal SinusesIII. Examination of NasopharynxIV. Examination of Oral CavityV. Examination of OropharynxVI. Examination of Larynx and LaryngopharynxVII. Lymph Nodes of the Head and NeckNeck DissectionChapter 77: Neck MassesThyroglossal Duct CystSublingual Dermoid CystSubmental NodesPrelaryngeal and Pretracheal NodesThymic CystBranchial CystBranchial Sinus or Fistula (Figure 77.5)Plunging RanulaCarotid Body TumourParapharyngeal TumoursCystic HygromaTubercular Lymph NodesMetastatic Lymph NodesLymphomasCervical RibSternomastoid TumourSection X: Operative surgeryChapter 78: Myringotomy (Syn. Tympanostomy)IndicationsAnaesthesiaSteps of OperationPitfalls of MyringotomyPostoperative CareComplicationsGrommetChapter 79: Ear Surgery and ApproachesIntroduction to Ear and Mastoid SurgeryChapter 80: Cortical MastoidectomyIndicationsAnaesthesiaPositionSteps of OperationPostoperative CareComplicationsChapter 81: Radical MastoidectomyIndicationsAnaesthesiaPositionSteps of OperationPostoperative CareComplicationsChapter 82: Modified Radical MastoidectomyIndicationsAnaesthesiaPositionSteps of OperationPostoperative Care and ComplicationsChapter 83: MyringoplastyContraindicationsAnaesthesiaPositionTechniquePostoperative CareComplicationsOther Procedures for Closure of Tympanic Membrane PerforationChapter 84: Proof Puncture (Syn. Antral Lavage)IndicationsContraindicationsAnaesthesiaPositionTechniqueDiagnosis of Antral PathologyPostoperative CareComplicationsChapter 85: Intranasal Inferior Meatal AntrostomyIndicationsContraindicationsAnaesthesiaPositionTechniquePostoperative CareComplicationsChapter 86: Caldwell–Luc (Anterior Antrostomy) OperationIndicationsContraindicationsAnaesthesiaPositionTechniquePostoperative CareComplicationsPresent StatusChapter 87: Submucous Resection of Nasal Septum (SMR Operation)IndicationsContraindicationsAnaesthesiaPositionSteps of OperationPostoperative CareComplicationsPresent StatusChapter 88: SeptoplastyIndicationsContraindicationsAnaesthesiaPositionTechniquePostoperative CarePostoperative ComplicationsTypes of Septal Incisions in SeptoplastyChapter 89: Diagnostic Nasal EndoscopyIndicationsAnaesthesiaPositionInstrumentsTechniqueComplicationsChapter 90: Endoscopic Sinus SurgeryIndicationsAdvanced Nasal Endoscopic TechniquesContraindicationsAnaesthesiaPositionTechniques (Figure 90.1)Steps of OperationPostoperative CareComplicationsChapter 91: Direct LaryngoscopyIndicationsContraindicationsAnaesthesiaPositionProcedurePostoperative CareComplicationsChapter 92: BronchoscopyRigid BronchoscopyFlexible Fibreoptic BronchoscopyChapter 93: OesophagoscopyRigid OesophagoscopyFlexible FibreOptic OesophagoscopyTransnasal OesophagoscopyChapter 94: TonsillectomyIndicationsContraindicationsAnaesthesiaPositionSteps of Operation (Dissection and Snare Method)Postoperative CareComplicationsChapter 95: AdenoidectomyIndicationsContraindicationsAnaesthesiaPositionSteps of OperationEndoscopic AdenoidectomyPostoperative CareComplicationsChapter 96: Some Imaging Techniques in ENTTemporal BoneParanasal SinusesX-Rays for Nasal FracturesNeck, Larynx and PharynxComputed Tomography (CT)Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)PET-CT and PET-MRIAppendicesAppendix I: Some Memorable Nuggets for Rapid ReviewAppendix II: InstrumentsIndex