Ear, Nose and Throat Simplified (3rd Edition)

DescriptionThis edition, incorporates the recent information on the subject, and yet maintains the classical salient features for which it is known, and remains, a popular textbook. It carries the simple format of the text as well as the diagrams, making it easy to remember and replicate the facts and figures in the examination. The simple style of expression and description makes the learning of the subject easy, interesting and palatable to the young undergraduate students, and even practitioners of medicine as a ready-reckoner. Its flavour lies in its lucid presentation and stardardisation of the format in each chapter. The book prides itself in its content, which though not exhaustive, simply attempts to ‘introduce’ the enchanting world of ENT to the readers, and spur them for further reading. It simultaneously retains its status as a comprehensive textbook which thoroughly covers the undergraduate syllabus. – An ideal textbook for all undergraduate medical students.Table of ContentsContributors vPreface to the Second Edition viiPreface to the First Edition ixCELLCell 2GENERAL PHYSIOLOGYIntercellular Connection and Communication 10Transport Across Cell Membrane 11Membrane Potential 20Homeostasis 27MUSCLESSkeletal Muscle 32Neuromuscular Junction 43Smooth Muscle 45BLOODComposition and Functions 50Plasma Proteins 51Blood Volume 52Red Blood Corpuscles 54Hemoglobin 61The Leukocytes 64Reticuloendothelial System 70Blood Groups 71Immunity 74Platelets 80Blood Coagulation 83GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT (GIT)Organization of GIT 88Secretions of GIT 94Movements of Gastrointestinal Tract or GI Motility 103Experimental Evidences in Gastrointestinal Tract 111Pancreas 112Liver 114Digestion and Absorption 121GI Hormones 127ContentsTextbook of PhysiologyCARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMCardiovascular System 132Structure of the Cardiac Muscle 134Properties of the Cardiac Muscle and Conducting System of Heart 136Cardiac Cycle 142Electrocardiogram (ECG) 149. Cardiac Output 156Heart Rate 161Hemodynamics (Pressure, Flow and Resistance) 164Arterial Pulse and Venous Pulse 166Blood Pressure 168Circulatory System 174The Blood Circulation 176Shock 188Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise 190RESPIRATORY SYSTEMRespiratory Physiology 192Pulmonary Circulation 196Pulmonary Ventilation 199Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities 204Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio 206Diffusion of Gases in the Lungs 208Transport of Carbon Dioxide 210Transport of Oxygen 212Regulation of Respiration 214Chemical Regulation 217Respiratory Adjustment during Sleep 220Respiratory Insufficiency 222Hypoxia and Oxygen Therapy 223High Altitude and Space Physiology 225Deep Sea Physiology 227Aviation Physiology 229Artificial Respiration 231EXCRETORY SYSTEMThe Body Fluid Compartments 234Structure and Functions of Kidney 236Formation of Urine—Glomerular Filtration 242Formation of Urine—Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion 247Concentration and Dilution of Urine 251Control of ECF Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration 254Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Blood Volume and ECF Volume 255Micturition 256Diuretics 258Contents xiiiApplied Aspects 259Dialysis /Artificial Kidney 260Renal Function Tests 262Acid–Base Homeostasis 263The Skin and its Appendages 269Body Temperature and its Regulation 270ENDOCRINOLOGYIntroduction 274Endocrine Pancreas 282Pituitary Gland 296Thyroid Gland 311Adrenal Glands 328Local Hormones 342Miscellaneous Hormones 343REPRODUCTIONIntroduction 348Determination of Sex 348Sex Chromatin (Barr Body) 349Development of Reproductive System 349Aberrant Sexual Differentiation 350Puberty 351Menopause 352Structure of Male Reproductive System 353Structure of Female Reproductive System 361Genetic Defects 367Ovarian Hormones 368Pregnancy, Parturition and Lactation 371CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMIntroduction to Nervous System 392Neuron 394Neuroglia 397Nerve Fibers 398Synapse 402Neurotransmitters 407Reflex Action 409Receptors 413Physiology of Pain 416The Spinal Cord 419Internal Capsule 420Basal Ganglia 433Cerebellum 436Thalamus 441Hypothalamus 444Textbook of PhysiologyCerebral Cortex 447Reticular Formation 454Limbic System 456Sleep 457Electroencephalogram (EEG) 460Proprioceptors 462Posture and Equilibrium 467Vestibular Apparatus 469Higher Functions of the Nervous System 472117. Cerebrospinal Fluid 477Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB) 479Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) 480SPECIAL SENSESVision 486Sense of Hearing 501Smell—Olfaction 512Taste 516Index 519Author BiographyBachi T Hathiram is currently Professor and Head, Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, Topiwala National Medical College and BYL Nair Charitable Hospital, one of the leading territory healthcare centers run by Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai, India. She has been in this field since almost 30 years and has been PG guide for numerous students. Besides being the author of several international and national peer-reviewed articles/chapters published in journals/textbooks, she has authored two textbooks for trainee doctors and consultants. She is the co-Editor-in-Chief of the international indexed periodical Otorhinolaryngology Clinics, besides being on the editorial/review board of numerous periodicals. She has partaken in various clinical research projects. She has been on board for a number of professional bodies such as Pan Asia Academy of Facial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery (as Director–India), Union for International Cancer Control (as member of review board), the Association of Otorhinolaryngologists of India, Mumbai branch (as President), in addition to being life-member of numerous academic bodies in the country. She has been the recipient of a prestigious fellowship in the UK, and been invited as guest faculty to various international ENT forums conferences and workshops such as the BACO (ENT-UK), CEORL-HNS, IRS and ISIAN, IFOS PARS and recently to the International Conference on Difficult Airway at Izmir (Turkey), in addition to various national, state and regional conferences/workshops in India, having herself organized many of them. She is fellow of Foundation of Advancement in Medical Education and Research (FAIMER), Philadelphia, USA. She has been on the board of examiners of various postgraduate and undergraduate examinations all over India. She has a keen interest in cochlear implants and otology, endoscopic skull base surgery, head and neck oncology, voice and airway surgery, allergy and vertigo, and has made her department a referral center for the same. Her passion for teaching and academics helped her to write this textbook and continue with its editions.Vicky S Khattar is currently Assistant Professor, Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, Topiwala National Medical College and BYL Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai. Besides being the author of several international and national peer-reviewed articles/chapters published in journals/textbooks, he is the co-Editor-in- Chief of the international indexed periodical Otorhinolaryngology Clinics. He is also the co-author of the reference book Atlas of Operative Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery (2012). He is a member of review board of Union for International Cancer Control, in addition to being life-member of numerous academic bodies in the country. He has been the recipient of a prestigious fellowship in the UK, and been invited as faculty to various international ENT forums, conferences and workshops such as the BACO (ENT-UK), CEORL-HNS, IRS and ISIAN, IFOS, PARS, in addition to various national, state and regional conferences/workshops in India. He has been on the board of the examiners for various undergraduate examinations all over India. He has a keen interest in voice and airway surgery, endoscopic skull base surgery, head and neck oncology, vertigo, cochlear implants and otology and is keenly interested in clinical research.